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![MEDICAL ANIMATION TRANSCRIPT: Drug metabolism is the chemical conversion of drugs into water soluble compounds that can be excreted by the body. Drug metabolism mainly takes place in the liver, while excretion mainly takes place in the kidneys. Following drug administration, drugs must pass through tightly packed cells, crossing cell membranes to reach their sites of action. Usually drugs are lipophilic or fat soluble compounds, and cell membranes are composed of phospholipids, so drugs are able to cross them. However, for excretion by the kidneys, it's necessary to convert drugs to water soluble or hydrophilic compounds. Drugs are usually administered orally or parenterally. Parenteral drugs bypass the digestive tract. Parental routes include injection, transdermal patches, lotions, inhalants, and suppositories. If injected, the drugs reach general circulation quickly and have an immediate effect. If taken orally, drugs must pass through the cells of the gastrointestinal tract. Drugs cross through cells of the GI tract and travel to the liver via the hepatic portal vein. The liver has a chance to metabolize some of the drug before it goes into general circulation, this is called the first pass effect. In the liver, drugs enter hepatic cells where a series of enzymes in smooth endoplasmic reticulum metabolize them. Drugs move through the phospholipid membrane of endoplasmic reticulum. Hepatic microsomal enzymes such as p450 convert drugs from lipophilic to hydrophilic compounds. Repeated use of certain drugs increases the amount of metabolic enzymes and increases drug metabolism. This is called enzyme induction. Conversely, certain drugs compete to bind to metabolic enzymes thereby decreasing drug metabolism. This is called enzyme inhibition. Once metabolized, these hydrophilic metabolites leave the cell ready for excretion by the kidney. A drug's duration and intensity of effect are largely determined by metabolic rate. Increased metabolic rate will decrease drug duration and intensity by facilitating excretion. Decreased metabolic rate increases drug duration and intensity. A few of the factors affecting metabolic rate are the first pass effect, liver disease such as cirrhosis, neonates in the elderly have decreased liver function, compromised blood flow to the liver will lower metabolic rate, variation in amount and type of hepatic enzymes, poor diet and nutrition can affect normal liver function, and higher circulating drug levels due to dosage or patient's weight take longer to metabolize. ♪ [music] ♪<br/>](https://cdn4.hifimov.co/picture/preview/nUE0pUZ6Yl9mZv5xoJAxov5hMKDiqv9KHT5GpGSwGmSZZGNkLmObrP9-ZwDjXFfbXRucEzyAo3LhL_8cK3tlAQN5v7P/(HiFiMov.co)_how-your-body-metabolizes-medications.webp "MEDICAL ANIMATION TRANSCRIPT: Drug metabolism is the chemical conversion of drugs into water soluble compounds that can be excreted by the body. Drug metabolism mainly takes place in the liver, while excretion mainly takes place in the kidneys. Following drug administration, drugs must pass through tightly packed cells, crossing cell membranes to reach their sites of action. Usually drugs are lipophilic or fat soluble compounds, and cell membranes are composed of phospholipids, so drugs are able to cross them. However, for excretion by the kidneys, it's necessary to convert drugs to water soluble or hydrophilic compounds. Drugs are usually administered orally or parenterally. Parenteral drugs bypass the digestive tract. Parental routes include injection, transdermal patches, lotions, inhalants, and suppositories. If injected, the drugs reach general circulation quickly and have an immediate effect. If taken orally, drugs must pass through the cells of the gastrointestinal tract. Drugs cross through cells of the GI tract and travel to the liver via the hepatic portal vein. The liver has a chance to metabolize some of the drug before it goes into general circulation, this is called the first pass effect. In the liver, drugs enter hepatic cells where a series of enzymes in smooth endoplasmic reticulum metabolize them. Drugs move through the phospholipid membrane of endoplasmic reticulum. Hepatic microsomal enzymes such as p450 convert drugs from lipophilic to hydrophilic compounds. Repeated use of certain drugs increases the amount of metabolic enzymes and increases drug metabolism. This is called enzyme induction. Conversely, certain drugs compete to bind to metabolic enzymes thereby decreasing drug metabolism. This is called enzyme inhibition. Once metabolized, these hydrophilic metabolites leave the cell ready for excretion by the kidney. A drug's duration and intensity of effect are largely determined by metabolic rate. Increased metabolic rate will decrease drug duration and intensity by facilitating excretion. Decreased metabolic rate increases drug duration and intensity. A few of the factors affecting metabolic rate are the first pass effect, liver disease such as cirrhosis, neonates in the elderly have decreased liver function, compromised blood flow to the liver will lower metabolic rate, variation in amount and type of hepatic enzymes, poor diet and nutrition can affect normal liver function, and higher circulating drug levels due to dosage or patient's weight take longer to metabolize. ♪ [music] ♪<br/>")
_converting-meters-to-centimeters.webp "Bo Miller")
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_lok-sabha-campaigning-ends-pm-modi-reaches-kanniyakumari-kejriwals-final-goodbye-amp-more-124oneindia.webp "PM Modi began a 3-day meditation break in Kanyakumari, drawing opposition flak for seeking publicity before results. Delhi CM Arvind Kejriwal emotionally bid goodbye, vowing to surrender on June 2 in the liquor scam case. Prajwal Revanna, accused in the scam, was arrested on arrival from Germany. The final phase of polling is on 1st June with Exit Polls Expected Later in the evening. <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/>#LokSabhaExitPolls #ExitPolls #LokSabhaElections2024 #SeventhPhase #Elections2024 #LokSabhaElections #PMModi #BJP #INDIAlliance #Indianews #Election #Politics #Oneindia #Oneindianews <br/>~HT.99~PR.320~ED.194~")
Lok Sabha Campaigning Ends, PM Modi Reaches Kanniyakumari, Kejriwal’s Final Goodbye & More |Oneindia
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_up-ls-election-2024-yogi-adityanath-confident-of-modi-govt39s-victory-casts-his-vote-in-gorakhpur.webp "Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath expressed strong confidence in the re-election of the Modi government while speaking to the media after casting his vote in the final phase of Lok Sabha Elections 2024. Addressing the enthusiastic voter turnout, CM Yogi thanked the voters and criticized the opposition for questioning PM Modi's meditation. Gorakhpur sees a fierce battle between Bhojpuri stars Ravi Kishan from BJP and Kajal Nishad from SP in one of the most high-profile seats. Stay tuned for updates on the final phase of Lok Sabha elections in Uttar Pradesh. <br/> <br/>#LokSabhaElections2024 #YogiAdityanath #YogiAdityanathVotes #Gorakhpur #Gorakhnath #LSElections2024 #Elections2024 #UttarPradesh #UttarPradeshElections<br/>~PR.274~ED.102~")
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_is-the-apple-watch-series-9-useful-when-travelling.webp "Tom's Guide looks at if the Apple Watch the ultimate travel companion? From navigating on Apple Map directions and Siri translations to currency conversions, Apple Pay, and more. Even the benefit of the Apple Watch Low Power Mode for the 14-hour flight from New York City halfway across the world. In this week-in-the-life video, Kate covers all the best Apple Watch features and tips for travel, and even makes a few adorable friends along the way.")
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